Civics and English Language Tests Under Naturalization Law

Becoming a U.S. citizen through naturalization involves more than meeting basic eligibility requirements. Applicants must also demonstrate their understanding of American history and government and their command of the English language by passing two essential tests. These tests ensure that new citizens have the knowledge and skills necessary to integrate into American society effectively.

In recent years, USCIS has committed to revising the naturalization tests regularly, with updates every 10 years, ensuring they align with best practices in adult education assessments.

The Civics Exam

The civics exam evaluates an applicant’s understanding of American history and government. USCIS provides a set of 100 publicly available questions and answers for study. During the naturalization interview, the USCIS officer will ask the applicant 10 of these questions. To pass, the applicant must answer at least six questions correctly.

Key Features of the Civics Exam

1. Study Resources
   • The 100 questions include topics ranging from the U.S. Constitution to historical figures and government structure.
   • Some answers may change periodically, such as the names of current U.S. Senators, Representatives, Governors, and the Speaker of the House. These can be verified online before the interview.
2. 65/20 Exception
   • Applicants aged 65 or older who have held legal permanent resident (LPR) status in the U.S. for 20 years may qualify for an easier version of the test.
   • This version includes only 20 questions, and applicants must still answer six out of 10 correctly.
   • The test can be taken in the applicant’s native language if they bring an interpreter.
3. Disability Waivers
   • Applicants unable to study due to physical or mental disabilities may submit Form N-648, which must include a doctor’s certification explaining the condition and its impact on the applicant’s ability to prepare.

The English Language Exam

The English test measures an applicant’s ability to speak, read, and write in English. During the naturalization interview, the USCIS officer assesses English proficiency through direct communication, a reading test, and a writing test.

Key Features of the English Language Exam

1. Speaking Test
   • The officer evaluates speaking skills based on the applicant’s responses during the interview.
2. Reading and Writing Test
   • Applicants must read a passage in English and write a dictated sentence.
   • Study materials for the test are available on the USCIS website.
3. Exceptions for Age and Residency
   • 50/20 Waiver: Available for applicants aged 50 or older who have been LPRs for at least 20 years.
   • 55/15 Waiver: Available for applicants aged 55 or older who have been LPRs for at least 15 years.
   • With these waivers, applicants can take the test in their native language but must provide their own interpreter.
4. Disability Waivers
   • Applicants with physical or mental disabilities, such as developmental delays or hearing impairments, may request a waiver by submitting Form N-648. If approved, the interview and test will be conducted in their native language.

Exceptions and Accommodations

USCIS recognizes that certain applicants may face challenges when preparing for or taking the tests. To address these challenges, exceptions and accommodations are available for:

• Older Adults: Reduced civics test requirements and language waivers for those meeting specific age and residency criteria.
• Disabled Individuals: Waivers for those unable to study or demonstrate proficiency due to physical or mental conditions.

Preparation and Resources

Applicants are encouraged to prepare thoroughly for the civics and English tests. USCIS provides:

• Study guides and practice tests for both the civics and English exams.
• Updates on test content, including current government officials, to ensure applicants have the most accurate information.